Action Research Project

“Improving Accessibility of Technical and Instructional Resources in the 3D Workshop: An Action Research Approach”

Ethical Action Plan:

An introduction to the project

As a laser cutting technician at a university, I have observed that many students find the 3D workshop intimidating and struggle with understanding technical and instructional resources. Specifically, the instructional materials for file setup for the laser cutters often present challenges due to technical jargon and outdated information. This action research project investigates how to improve the accessibility of these resources to create a more inclusive and supportive environment. The challenges students face in setting up files for laser cutting can hinder their confidence and overall learning experience. For instance, many struggle with understanding the correct file formats, such as vector versus raster images, or setting appropriate line thicknesses for cutting versus engraving. Some students also find it difficult to grasp how to correctly assign colors for different laser operations or to navigate the software interface, which can seem overwhelming without prior experience. These obstacles often lead to frustration and errors, preventing students from completing their projects efficiently.

Social justice plays a huge role in this project, emphasizing the need to create equitable learning opportunities for all students, regardless of their background or prior experience. In technical education and workshop environments, this means addressing the barriers that arise from complex language, lack of prior exposure to machinery and workshops, and outdated instructional materials, ensuring that every student feels capable and empowered to succeed. By addressing accessibility issues, I aim to reduce barriers that may disproportionately affect students who are unfamiliar with technical spaces or lack prior exposure to workshop practices. Ensuring that all students can confidently participate in the workshop is a matter of fairness, inclusivity, and respect for diverse learning needs.

There is limited research on the effectiveness of instructional materials within university technical spaces, making this inquiry especially important. To address this issue, I will gather evidence by noting the types of questions students frequently ask, identifying the difficulties they encounter, and observing how they interact with the current laser cutter file setup instructional leaflet. Additionally, I will evaluate the success rates of students when they use these leaflets independently.

Based on these findings, I will update and refine the instructional leaflets to make file setup instructions clearer and more user-friendly. Student feedback will be central to this process; I will collect both verbal and written responses and observe how students engage with the revised leaflets. This will help determine whether the changes are genuinely beneficial.

To ensure fairness and accuracy in my evaluations, I will follow ethical action plans, obtain informed consent, and remain mindful of potential biases. Ultimately, my goal is to adapt my practice to develop resources that support a wide range of students, making the 3D workshop more accessible and less intimidating for everyone.

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ARP Planning Mind Map

When thinking about my ARP title: Making instructional resources in the 3D workshop more accessible, I decided to create a mind map of essenatial content that must be included in the project and the links between them. I find mind maps an easy, aesthetic way to collect information. They’re also great for finding links between area’s and crossovers in the information.

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Navigating Language in a Technical Space through Intercultural Communications Training

After having multiple meetings with Karen Harris, Intercultural Communications Trainer at UAL, it has made me think about language in a new way. Language plays a crucial role in teaching and in particular in a technical space. Understanding how to navigate the complexities of language can significantly improve student outcomes, especially when the subject matter is not straight forward like laser cutting.

Here are some of the notes I took whilst in the workshop with Karen and some of my findings:

  • Context is everything- a lot of ambiguity around teaching a subjective subject like art and design  
  • How can language be clearer around a subject that’s not straight forward?
  • Transactional language- instructions and telling people what to do- make sure this is direct and straight forward. 
  • Don’t be quick to take offense- linguistic cultural difference 
  • Qualifying language is confusing- “a bit, quite” 
  • Productive- the speaker/writer is in charge/has control 
  • Receptive- not in charge, the person absorbing the information 
  • Listening is the hardest linguistic skill 
  • Spiky Profile- strong in writing, bad at listening etc.. Not consistent- some are better at certain things than others- be patient  
  • Techniques to understand the strength of skills- listener and speaker- assignments as speeches rather than essays- Glasgow example from Joy 
  • Visual aids as a backup- gauging the discussion and any hints of confusion in conversation 
  • Prevent issues before they arise by preparing different learning techniques 
  • Designing for everybody is designing for nobody- know your audience 
  • IELTS- language exam- students listen to very clean, grammatically correct language to complete the tests- doesn’t represent real life 
  • Power dynamic in different cultures- tutors/technicians can be seen as superior in one culture and in another students can be on the same level as the teacher 
  • Different cultural views https://anthropolojamz.wordpress.com/2019/12/16/monaghan-just-bee-larvae-and-onion-soup-culture/ 
  • Role of silence- needing time to process language (input), formulate ideas- same for people who’s first language isn’t English, autism, introverts, neurodivergent- also dealing with irony and sarcasm 
  • Lack of cultural capital- referencing pop icon that would be well known in the UK and expecting overseas students to get it  
  • Phrasal Verb- “drop by” “popped out” “put up with”- can cause miscommunication 

Navigating language in a technical educational space is a multi-layered challenge, particularly from a technician’s perspective. Whether it’s about being clearer in instructions, understanding cultural differences, or recognizing individual student needs, the language we use can significantly impact student success. By honing in on communication techniques and being mindful of the barriers students may face, we can create a more inclusive, effective learning environment for everyone involved. 

In the end, good teaching is about more than just delivering content—it’s about ensuring that students, regardless of their background or skill level, can engage, absorb, and thrive. 

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Intervention and Reflective Report

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IP Race, Equity and Inclusion

When reviewing the resources around race, critical race theory and whiteness, I experienced a slight feeling of discomfort due to my positionality. I found myself holding back in the workshops and maybe not participating as much as I had previously. After studying the resources and delving into the subject matter further, it appears this is quite common and having these different conversations is highly beneficial when breaking down boundaries within race, equity and diversity.

In Asif Sadiq’s Ted Talk on Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (2023), he states that in the US in 2022 the government spent $8 billion on diversity and inclusion training for employees. Despite the high costs, there has been little positive impact and change in this area. This is due to many factors including bias and stereotypes being used in the training programs which hinders rather than helps inclusion efforts. An example of this is the use of posters with a person of colour on them to represent diversity or a lack of role models that represent the aspirations of marginalised groups. Training frequently overlooks the unique identities within communities, such as asking one Muslim man to represent the voice of all 2 billion Muslims in the world thus failing to fully embrace diversity. Diversity should be about respecting different views, not necessarily agreeing on everything and to do so Sadiq suggests creating psychological safety. Creating safe spaces where people can discuss diversity, reduces the fear of saying the wrong thing and encourages open dialogue. This respect and openness can motivate people to ask questions in a self-led learning style which can promote a deeper understanding and commitment. Learning styles when participating in Diversity and Inclusion Training are usually based on traditional classroom-based learning which does not cater to everyone, especially those with neurodiverse ways of thinking such as ADHD and Autism. Experiential learning could be a more effective way to teach people about such a vast topic. Sadiq’s insights call for structural changes in training programs to achieve meaningful and lasting impact especially when it comes to addressing systemic barriers and promoting inclusion.

In Garrett’s study ‘Racism shapes careers’ she looks at the underpinning systemic racial inequalities in UK higher education. The paper states:

In the UK, professorships are predominantly held by white academics (90.1%), with very low representation from Asian (4.0%), Chinese (2.3%), Mixed (1.6%), Other (1.4%), and Black (0.7%) academics (AdvanceHE 2022). 

The underrepresentation of racialised minority academics in professorships stresses the need for comprehensive anti-racist strategies to create an inclusive and equitable academic environment. Not only are they underrepresented but they are more likely to be on fixed-term contracts, resulting in lower pay compared to white counterparts. In addition to that Bhopal and Pitkin (2020) identified an intersectional disadvantage that racialised minority women experience in education, facing a ‘triple burden’ of oppression related to their class, gender, and ethnicity. 

As a white, privileged person it is my responsibility to ask questions and learn through my experiences and interactions and not shy away from the subject of diversity. The only way to make the world more inclusive is to understand each other’s differences and respect those differences.

References

Sadiq, A. (2023) Diversity, Equity & Inclusion. Learning how to get it right. TEDx [Online}. Youtube. 2 March. Available at: Diversity, Equity & Inclusion. Learning how to get it right | Asif Sadiq | TEDxCroydon  

Garrett, R. (2024). Racism shapes careers: career trajectories and imagined futures of racialised minority PhDs in UK higher education. Globalisation, Societies and Education, pp.1–15. Read pages 2-5 & 7-11. Available to download from Moodle via the Readings & Resources folder

Bhopal, Kalwant, and Clare Pitkin. 2020. “‘Same old Story, Just a Different Policy’: Race and Policy Making in Higher Education in the UK.” Race Ethnicity and Education 23 (4): 530–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2020.1718082.

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IP Peer Group Presentation

On the 25th of June Nina Volkinburg, Syahrizal Shafie and I met to discuss our interventions. This experience was eye-opening and reassuring to hear what my peers were doing and get some valued feedback. They expressed that they think my intervention is interesting and will make the student’s learning experiences more engaging. It was stated that making my resources more user-friendly for online would be a good thing to do as this automatically allows more students to access it rather than just being on paper onsite. They said to look into creating a mobile-friendly version as this is how most of the students access content. 

Nina’s intervention has lots of similarities to mine. We are both adapting existing online resources to make them more accessible to a range of students. Nina is specifically mapping out the weekly learning timetable for her course’s first module: Block 1 unit “Fashion Marketing Strategies”. It is currently very wordy, like the 3D workshop resources I am currently working on. She intends to make them more visually engaging by embedding media through hyperlinks, Padlet forums, videos of herself explaining academic concepts, podcasts and other multi-media content. Creating a multifaceted platform for students helps to be more inclusive of different learning styles and positionalities. I want to take some of these concepts and apply them to the glossary of terms. It would be great to make it as interactive as possible and create a dynamic learning environment that keeps all students engaged. Again similar to Nina, I only teach face-to-face, however having a plethora of captivating content online with embedded technologies will complement the students’ onsite experience. Together our aims are to create content that supports students’ learning by making it more accessible and engaging.  

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IP- Faith

Workshop 4 focused on Faith and Religion regarding our students and the intersection with race, gender, disability and socio-economic factors. At first, I thought faith wasn’t relevant to my day-to-day practice as I hadn’t thought about it much in the past. However, from further research, it is just as important a conversation to have as race, gender and disability. Considering my positionality as a white, atheist female, I used resources to reflect and analyse how faith interacts with aspects of an individual’s identity. I want to ask how faith impacts a student’s studies and how can we as practitioners help create a more inclusive environment. 

From observing data from Dashboard, we know that 29% of students at UAL have disclosed they are religious with the top three religions being Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. This was a very eye-opening statistic to learn as it’s a larger percentage than I thought, considering faith wasn’t something I would factor into my teaching. Educational institutions must respect and accommodate all faith-based needs of students and staff to create an inclusive environment. Similarly, as previously discussed in blog post 1 about disability, society creates barriers surrounding faith and religion. This is done via the media “painting entire communities with the same brush” as stated in Challenging Race, religion and Stereotypes in the Classroom. “No one community is a monolith”, each one contains people with different experiences and perspectives. Encouraging students to critically analyse media representations and fostering empathy can help combat fearmongering and prejudice. “Tensions are based on a lack of knowledge and understanding about each other’s lives” (H. Jawad, 2022). The intersection of faith and race presents unique challenges, particularly for Muslim women. Their dress and religious practices can attract negative attention and reinforce harmful stereotypes, not experienced by Muslim men who are not as visibly obvious as women with hijabs meaning they have to navigate religious, racial and gender biases. 

“Religion brings people together, a sense of community, discuss culture and a shared identity”  (‘Faith: what does it mean to be a young person of faith today?’). It is important to factor in faith into one’s teaching practice. It can play a huge role in a student’s life and with that makes up their identity. Religion fosters a sense of community and shared identity but can also bring stigma, especially among young people of faith. Educators must understand the impact of faith on students, recognise religious observances and practices such as fasting and be flexible with deadlines to create a supportive learning environment. This respect enhances students’ academic success and well-being. As student attendance at UAL is at its all-time lowest, it makes it even more important to factor in religious holidays and events to allow all students to participate fairly. 

Socioeconomic status greatly affects access to sports and physical activities, often considered luxuries in economically disadvantaged communities. In areas where basic needs are unmet, and safety is a concern, physical activity and well-being may be viewed as privileges. Wealthier Muslim-majority countries might offer better sex-segregated sports facilities, but poorer or non-Muslim-majority countries often lack these provisions, demonstrating disparities influenced by both economic status and faith. As well as sporting and physical activities this is often seen within the arts which can be viewed as a subject for more privileged people who have time and access to equipment and resources. 

Overall, it is vital to consider faith and religion when teaching. It is a factor that is heavily engrained in many people’s lives and can determine many things in how they live and study and will be an aspect of my student’s identity I think of in the future. 

Jawad, H. (2022) Islam, Women and Sport: The Case of Visible Muslim Women. [Online]  

Trinity University (2016) Challenging Race, Religion, and Stereotypes in the Classroom   [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CAOKTo_DOk] 

Coventry UK City of Culture 2021 (2021) Faith: what does it mean to be a young person of faith today? [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDYy0U7WtkM] 

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IP Intervention Outline

As a female technician between the age of 25-35 years old, native to the UK within the 3D workshop, I understand how it operates from that specific perspective but I lack understanding of what it’s like within the workshop for a student not in that position. I want to understand more about their experience when entering the 3D workshop and how their background, culture, race, religion, disability and gender affect their learning within the workshop environment.  

With a vast percentage of the students we see in the 3D workshop not speaking English as a first language, I want to recreate our paper and online resources. I will focus predominately on the laser cutting file preparation resources which we have online on our website/Moodle and we print off to have as paper versions in the workshop (see below for reference). We get a large amount of students misunderstanding the resources independently and they need translation which the technicians are spending a lot of time repeating the instructions rather than helping students who are struggling with the actual process of laser cutting.  

I want to use data from Dashboard and the language development team at UAL to discover where our students are from and which languages would be the most beneficial to translate our resources into. Translating language can be difficult to do accurately, so I will also develop resources that require less text and more graphics to allow a wider range of students to effectively learn. I am hoping my results will not only show developing my resources will improve the learning of students whose first language is not English, but also those students with neurodiversity’s such as dyslexia and those that are more visual learners. 

Some challenges to overcome may include translating the resources incorrectly, finding the correct data that applies to the intervention, being sensitive to the needs of the students and being inclusive to all. This means not choosing one culture or language over another, avoiding presumptions, lookism and racism when providing the resources. Lastly, I will try to collect feedback from the students and my colleagues around the resources, this may be difficult during busy periods but will be very beneficial in developing the best resources I can. 

References: 

Crenshaw, K. (1991) ‘Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color,’ Stanford Law Review, 43(6), p. 1241. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039

Noel, L.A and Paiva, M. (2021) ‘Learning to Recognize Exclusion’ Journal of Usability Studies, Vol.16, Issue 2, pp 63-72. 

Dr. V, Odeniyi. (2022) Reimagining Conversations with Multilingual Students, UAL Decolonising Arts Institute publications and podcasts series https://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/id/eprint/18697 

M, Oliver. (1990) THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL MODELS OF DISABILITY Paper presented at Joint Workshop of the Living Options Group and the 

Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians 

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IP- Disability

In Ade Adepitan’s 2020 interview, he emphasised how societal barriers disable individuals and enforce segregation. He states “People become disabled as society won’t allow them to shine” and that disabled people are “segregated by design”. Drawing parallels to Rosa Parks’ bus boycott, Adepitan highlighted the intersection of systemic racism and Mike Oliver’s 1983 Social Model of Disability perpetuating inequality. Anticipatory adjustments, rather than reactive measures, are crucial to prevent such barriers. Adepitan faces socio-economic burdens due to his disability, such as higher healthcare costs exacerbating oppression and mental health issues. Having the financial strain of being disabled can cause people to overwork to make ends meet which can add to stress and other mental health issues.

The interviews underscored structural inequality and institutional biases marginalising disabled individuals. Adepitan advocated for leveraging platforms like the Paralympics to showcase potential with proper support. Adepitan shares that society needs to “look at the Paralympics to see how people can excel in the correct circumstances with the right equipment and training”. Inclusive design solutions, such as incorporating ramps and quiet spaces, were proposed to create accessible environments. Christine Sun Kim’s insight in “Friends and Strangers” emphasised societal responsibility in combating discrimination, rather than burdening disabled individuals with more adaptation. She stated that it’s easier for hearing people to learn to sign than it is for deaf people to learn to hear. Having more staff within UAL that know BSL would make it a far more inclusive environment.

Within the context of my teaching in the 3D workshop, efforts are made to address barriers within the social model of disability. Providing PPE like ear defenders acknowledges sensory difficulties in a loud environment. Recognising the digital barrier posed by technical software, resources tailored to different skill levels are developed. Recent investments in height-adjustable tables and stools aim to enhance accessibility within the laser-cutting space. Due to access requirements and time restraints, we are unable to introduce quiet times within the workshop. This is something I’d like to introduce going forward to make it easier for students with disabilities to learn in a challenging environment.

These initiatives align with the call for anticipatory adjustments and inclusive design advocated by Adepitan and others. By proactively addressing barriers and accommodating diverse needs, the workshop strives to create an environment where all students can thrive regardless of disability. As a technician, this can be challenging as we do not have direct access to ISA’s which allows staff to know about disabilities students may have. Also, the fact we have such a high turnover of students in the workshop from all different courses makes it difficult to anticipate the various barriers they may have. All we can do is anticipate the range of disabilities we may encounter and try and make it as inclusive as possible before any issues occur.

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Case Study 3- Challenges and Opportunities in Assessment and Feedback within Higher Education

Technicians in the 3D workshop are not involved in assessment in a traditional, curriculum-based sense however, assessment and feedback are integral components of my role. For example, students will come in with an idea of what they want to create, we discuss whether it is possible and how it can be created, and once they have achieved this, we will then evaluate whether that process has worked and whether it aligns with their project brief. This process reflects the Experiential Learning Cycle (Gibbs, 1988) which looks at the cycle of conceptualisation, experimentation, experience, and reflection when teaching through doing as demonstrated in the image below. The feedback will be given verbally through informal critiques throughout their sessions, I’ll provide notes and sketches to visually demonstrate what they can do next, and feedback can be sent via emails before they visit the workshop.  As opposed to marking a finished project once it’s been submitted at a preselected deadline, the main form of feedback I use is face-to-face, real-time interactions. This could be verbal, visual, or collaborative and be in the form of a discussion, a diagram, or a demonstration depending on what needs to be assessed and why.

The Experiential Learning Cycle, Graham Gibbs 1988.

Due to the constraints of limited time and high turnover in the workshop environment, the demand for immediate feedback can impose significant pressure on instructors, as students frequently seek clarification, creating challenges in effective time management. This spontaneous and unpredictable nature of feedback can disrupt the learning of other students, as interruptions may occur during demonstrations or discussions. Furthermore, verbal feedback, if not documented, presents difficulties in tracking student progress over time. A recent observation at Central Saint Martin’s revealed an intriguing approach to monitoring progress within their metal workshop. Upon completing induction in various workshop areas such as angle grinding and welding, students receive stickers to affix to their ID cards. While seemingly simple, this system offers immediate feedback and visually represents the student’s advancement within the workshop. Implementing a similarly structured feedback framework, such as Russell’s Assessment Patterns (2010) employed at the University of Hertfordshire, could facilitate better time management, and ensure equitable distribution of feedback. Research indicates that regular feedback and assessments lead to improved student outcomes. In my context, I typically provide verbal feedback after students create an outcome in the workshop. However, fostering more frequent conversations throughout the process could create a more interactive evaluation approach, engaging students more deeply in their learning journey.

Moving forward when assessing students within the 3D workshop I want to make the feedback and assessment more tangible rather than purely verbal to track progress. It would be fantastic to bring in a more tangible system that allows myself and my team to understand students’ experience and knowledge within the space without sacrificing the little time we have. Whether this is a physical sticker on their ID cards, a digital badge beside their names on our booking system, or a folder of students’ progress in the workshop, having that data to track back their feedback and assessment is very important, especially with the high turnover. This would also give the students a sense of achievement and allow them to see for themselves they are learning new skills which are being recognised.

References:

Russell, M. (2010). Assessment Patterns: a review of the possible consequences. University of Hertfordshire, ESCAPE project.

Gibbs, G. (1998) Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford Brooks University, Oxford.

Jiao, Z., Yang, Y., Zhang, S., & Xu, J. (2022). A comparative study about attitudes towards the efficiency, effectiveness, and atmosphere of offline and online learning among medical students. Annals of translational medicine. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-5112 

Topping, K.J. (2023) Advantages and Disadvantages of Online and Face-to-Face Peer Learning in Higher Education: A Review. Education Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040326

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